Piagets Theory Of Child Development

Piagets Theory Of Child Development ‘Grand development theory: outline the strengths and weaknesses of Piagets theory of child development. Do you think that Piaget s theories still have an important place in modern psychology?’ Introduction In the 20s century, the first main theory of child development was established by Jean Piaget (Miller, 2011:649). Piaget’s contribution (1986-1980) has had great impacts on progress developmental psychology, particularly in the area of child and cognitive development. He also used a scientific method to understand developmental cognition among infancy and childhood (Oates Grayson, 2004: 14). Piaget tried to know the root of intelligence in infancy and the change of their knowledge which occur over the period of time. He thought children pass a series of cognitive phases in the same order (Bernstein Roy, 2008: 464). Although Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has criticized due to defect in some respects (Lourenco Machado, 1996), his notions about children and their cognitive development have significant effected on developmental psychology (Bernstein Roy, 2008: 464). This assignment firstly will demonstrate Piaget’s contribution in the field of child de velopment .it then it shows the weaknesses of Piaget’s theory about cognitive development among children. And it then describe Piaget’s theory and modern psychology. Piaget Contribution Piaget is a professional expert in the field of cognitive development. Beilin (1992: 191, cited in Shaffer Kipp, 2010: 278) put it, â€Å"assessing the impact of Piaget on developmental psychology is like assessing the impact of Shakespeare on English literature or Aristotle on philosophy—impossible†. Furthermore, another famous expert in the field of child development his name is Flavall also stated that â€Å"many of Piaget’s contributions have become so much a part of the way we view cognitive development nowadays that they are virtually invisible† (Flavell, 1996: 202, cited in Kail, 2012: 179). In terms of children’s thinking, Piaget revealed that children’s thinking is not as same as adults. Piaget emphasized that children require obtaining experience to learn. Then they can create their own plan and vary them in necessary time. This method to teach children was very diverse if comparing with other approach which had before him. Hence Piaget has a substantial effect on the education of children (Westman and Costello, 2011: 16). With respects of applying Piaget’s theory to educate children, the Piaget’s approach of education has had a profound effect on education process. Piaget’s developmental theory has had three major implications for educating children. Firstly, in terms of â€Å"readiness†, children have to be taught according to their ability particularly the teaching of science and mathematics. In addition, the tasks which are set by the teachers have to be appropriate to the level of children’s perception and cognition. Secondly, as regards curriculum, teaching recourses such as science and math should involve concrete materials which students can use them skillfully. Thirdly, children learn from self-activity and actions and teachers must understand every child’s requirements in order to build knowledge in terms of their needs (Gross, 2010: 538). Piaget transformed cognition into developmental science. Piaget proved that cognition is the main part of the science of cognitive development. He also demonstrated why the processes of cognition are the central of development psychology and offered some approaches which can be employed to test them (Kail, 2012: 179). Piaget provided the development psychology with a completely new notion about children’s nature, and the cognition of child development how and when occurs. Hence the role of Piaget in the development of cognition was as similar as Chomskys influence on the development of language (Flavell, 1996: 200). Piaget exposed the stages of cognitive development among children. Feldman (2013: 352) state that â€Å"No theory of cognitive development has had more impact than that of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget† .He thought that children pass a series of four phases in unchangeable order. Piaget preserved that the cognitive stages vary not merely in the quantity of knowledge at each phases, however, in the quality of understanding and information as well (Feldman, 2013: 352). the weaknesses of Piaget theory Despite all of these Piaget’s contribution, his theory about the child development has been criticized by some psychologists in order to reveal some weaknesses. His theory has some shortcomings which including underestimate and overestimate child’s capacity, ignoring culture influence on child development and methodological limitations. Piaget underestimated and overestimated children capability. Underestimate of infancy and childhood’s competence and overestimate the capability of adolescents could be considered as a major defect in Piaget’s theory. The contemporary science of child development has exposed that toddlers and infants have capability more than Piaget’s expectation (Kail, 2012:180). Some skilled cognition among children appears earlier than Piaget realized and others emerge latter (Carpenter, 2011, cited in Santrock, 2011:50). As an example, evidences have been revealed that object performance in children start to develop 3 to 4 months earlier than he believed (Baillargeon, 2002; Wang, Baillargeon, Paterson, 2005, cited in Weiten, 2010: 456). This means infants have greater ability to understand objects than Piaget thought (Kail, 2012:181). However, some adolescent’s competence was overestimated by Piaget’s cognitive theory (Cacioppo and Freberg, 2013: 531). According to Piaget children in formal operation stage can understand the principles of math (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo, 2013: 340). Nevertheless, Cacioppo and Freberg (2013: 531) state that Piaget was very wrong because of the level of children’s thinking is not fully mature, hence they cannot think logically. Piaget ignored cultural influence on cognitive development Another criticism which has directed Piaget’s theory is that the impact of social environment and cultural factors in child’s cognitive development were paid small attention by Piaget (Costello Westman, 2001:138). Cultural and life pattern has more effect than Piaget thought on cognitive development. As an example, nomadic tribe does not interest in counting objects. Thus nomadic children learn conservancy of figures later than in Western culture (Franzoi, 2011:237). Another illustration of this the children in Hausa tribe in Nigeria do not know about conservation principles, because families in this tribe send their children to the school in early age (Fahrmeier, 1978, cited in Martin, Carlson and Buskist, 1997: 513). Although the impact of cultural factors on the rate of cognitive development was admitted by Piaget, the contemporary science of developmental psychology has found that culture has a great role in child’s thinking as well (Gauvain, 2001; Rogoff, 1 998, 2003, cited in Shaffer Kipp: 280). At the same time Piaget neglected social interaction among individuals in cognitive development (Shaffer Kipp: 280). Interaction with peers, family members even whit teachers led to develop children understands. Piaget sometimes mentioned the influence of social environment and he did not ignore it at all (Kail, 2012:181). He believed that social interaction assists children to avoid egocentric tendency. However he did not find how social interaction assists child’s development (Fleming, 2004: 30) Methodological and approach barriers. Piaget’s theory has been criticized not only with regard to problem of estimate children ability but his theory has some problem in terms of the principles of developmental science. In terms of observe his infants; Piaget has not observed a great variety of children, Instead of Piaget examines 30 or 40 children in his research to find a respectable result he studied his own children at the â€Å"Rousseau Institute†. This means he has a small case study, the probability of biases in interpretable behavior of his own children, the difficulty in controlling environment and making his observation only in the laboratory (Miller, 2012, 85) Piaget usually utilized the clinical method. Employing clinical method to observe children might lead to give different questions to different children. However, uniform materials, instructions and measures of answer questions are the spine of experimental psychology (Miller, 2012, 85). Modern psychologists have been frustrated by Piaget’s reports of his experiment. Piaget did not mention bout the level of social economy of children, the number of participants, participant’s race and even he did not give us enough detail about his testing procedures as well. It might be difficult to decide whether Piaget is describing to children hypothetically or he really tested children. Piaget was poor in analyze of statistics. In his words, â€Å"Psychologists over-generalized their methods and arrived at delightful trivialities, particularly when an army of scientists translated their results into mathematical terms† (1918, p. 63). Furthermore, â€Å"acute observation, especially when made by [a good observer] . . . , surpasses all statistics† (1936/1952, p. 72, cited in Miller, 2012, 85-86). Statistical summaries were not given by Piaget about his discovery, he supplied a specimen protocols which are lengthy interpreted by Piaget. Therefore he read s frequently cannot understand Piaget’s themes easily (Miller, 2012, 85-86). Piaget and modern psychology Despite all of these shortcomings, Piaget has remained as a substantial character in the realm of cognitive psychology (Lourenco Machado, 1996, cite in Woolf, Namy, Lynn and Lilienfeld, 2011: 375). Nowadays, based on Piaget’s theory the science of cognitive development has been re-conceptualized by psychologists (Woolf, Namy, Lynn and Lilienfeld, 2011: 375). Moreover, according to Fleming (2004: 31) the influence of Piaget’s theories on cognitive development among children will probably continue for a long time. Piagets Theory of Child Development Piagets Theory of Child Development The first two years are very important in a child development. In this essay you will find the key concepts and theories of cognitive, social and emotional development in infancy. I am going to explain what cognitive development is and focus on cognitive theory of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and acquisition of language and perception. This essay will tell you what are the most common emotions of infants and what can causes it. Also, it will introduce you to psychoanalytical theories of a child development by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson and the differences between it. What is more, I will explain what attachment is and the importance of it, also, explain Bowlbys attachment theory and how attachment develops during the first two years. In this essay I will explain why social workers need to know child development theories and why they may come in contact with the infant and his or her family. Infancy. Infancy is the period of human development from birth to around 18 24 months. The period of infancy is loosely defined and depends on social convention. Infants depend on more mature caregivers to meet all their needs, who support their development (Davies, 2008). One of the main issues of development is nature versus nurture. The supporters of nature emphasize the importance of genes and biology. According to them, all normal children achieve the same development milestones at similar times and differences among children occur due to differences in genetic makeups. Meanwhile, nurture supporters emphasize environment-conditions and events outside the person (Sigelman, 1999). Cognitive development Cognitive theories emphasize mental aspects of development, for example logic and memory. Jean Piaget was one of the most influential theorists of development psychology. He had been studying childrens development of logical thinking for six decades (Boyd, Bee, 2009). The success of Piaget theory is largely due to accurate observations of his children at home (Slee, 2002). According to Piaget the childs ability to think, reason and understand the world is rapidly growing during the first two years of life. He or she is an active participant in growth process (Slee, 2002). Piaget claims that key elements in cognitive development are assimilation and accommodation. When a child incorporates new information into existing patterns of thought and behaviour assimilation occurs. Meanwhile, during accommodation the infant has to change an existing structure in order to deal with new information (Slee, 2002). Piaget believed that the process of learning is intrinsically satisfying to the infant. Moreover, the first 18 months of life represent enormous gains in the infants intellectual development. (Slee, 2002, p.143) Piaget divided cognitive development into four major periods. The period from birth to age 2 is called sensorimotor stage (Sigelman, 1999). Throughout this stage the infant is actively discovering about the world and his or her effects upon it. (Durkin, 1995) In this period intelligence is manifested in action (Mussen, Conger, Kagan, Huston, 1990). It is divided into 6 substages (Slee, 2002). During substage 1(0-1 months) reflexes, for example sucking, are being used in order to assimilate their experience of the world. During first month reflex, such as sucking, is modified and becomes more efficient. But not all reflexes change in this substage (Slee, 2002). According to Piaget in substage 2 (1-4 months), the key element is a repetition of movements, or primary circulation reactions. It involves only infants own body, for instance, infant finds having a thumb in mouth a pleasant sensation and if the thumb falls out, he or she will try to put it back (Slee, 2002). In substage 3 (4-8 months) the repetition of primary circular reactions acts on the world outside the childs body (Slee, 2002). By repeating some actions the infant tries to trigger reactions outside his or her body (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In substage 4 (8-12 months) the infant becomes capable of keeping a goal in mind and achieving it. The baby is able to combine two schemes in order to achieve his or her goal, for example moving aside a pillow in order to reach a toy (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Substage 5 (12-18 months) is a stage of tertiary circular reactions during which the infant is actively seeking novelty and the child experiments. (Slee, 2002) It is the time when the infant tries out new ways of playing and manipulating objects (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In the final substage 6 (18-24 months) the infant becomes able to manipulate mental symbols, such as words and images. Symbols start to represent objects or events (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Many studies have shown that Piaget have underestimated the cognitive capacity of children. Researchers discovered that infants better understand object movements, than Piaget suggested and imitation appears at younger age (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Language. Piaget did not focus much on the development of language. Even though, infants make a huge progress, starting with babbling to the earliest ability to understand the meaning of individual words, to first word at around 12 months of age (Wilson, et al., 2008). At the beginning infants can understand many more words than they can use in their own speech. The infant develops a wide range of communicative gestures, before using words (Lefrancois, 1999). At this time infants tend to learn words slowly, but from 16 months to the end of second year they start acquiring words much faster. By 24 months infants are able to use 300 words (Wilson, et al., 2008). There is also known that children begin to talk sooner, develop larger vocabularies if their parents talk to them often, read to them regularly and use wide range of words (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In general language acquisition follows a regular sequence, although, there are wide variations in the patters and speed of language. Some children start using individual words at 8 months, meanwhile others not until 18 months (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Speech delays can be an early indicator of the childs atypical development. (Wilson, et al., 2008) Perception. With the help of the various sensory modalities, like sight, hearing, taste and smell, infants pay attention to the changes around them (Slee, 2002). Early perceptual learning depends on experiences (Boyd, Bee, 2009). During first 2 months, babies are looking for meaningful patterns. Sharp-dark light contrast, which normally signals the edge of some object, stops babies scanning the world around them. Between 2 and 3months the infant starts paying attention to what the object is, rather than where the object is (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Babies are able to differentiate sound to an impressive degree. They can discriminate the loudness and pitch of sound. DeCasper and Fifer found that infant is capable to recognise mothers voice from another female voice, but not fathers voice from another male voice. Soon after birth infants are able to identify the source of odour and react to it, by turning towards or away from it. Infants show preference for sweet substances (Slee, 2002). Emotions Crying, smiling and fear reactions are the most popular emotions of the infant, according to the most of research .Gianino and Tronick argued that infants are capable to regulate or control their emotions, for example by turning away or sucking a thumb (Lefrancois, 1999). Infant crying, explain Pinyerd, is one the infants main ways of communicating both physiological and psychological distress. However, not all infant cries are cries of pain, hunger or distress. (Lefrancois, 1999, p. 161). Crying because of hunger or pain can be eliminated; meanwhile, unidentifiable cry is harder to stop. Constant crying can be highly annoying for parents and siblings (Lefrancois, 1999). Smiling and laughing is a core part of parent-child interaction. First smile can appear as early as two to twelve hours after birth, even though it is not a social smile, but rather a reflex. Social smile is a response to auditory and visual stimuli, for example response to a caregivers face. From 3  ½ month the infant is able to produce selective social smile. The infants react to social stimuli that are familiar (Lefrancois, 1999). According to Watson and Rayner, loud noises and sudden loss of support can cause the infants fear. To paraphrase Hebb, fear can occur then the infant develops certain expectations about the world and those expectations are violated (Lefrancois, 1999). Psychoanalytical theories Psychoanalytic theorists believe that development change happens because of internal drives and emotions influence behaviour. (Bee, Boyd, 2009, p. 27) According to this theory infants get more pleasure from mouthing objects than from manipulating them with other parts of their body (Boyd, Bee, 2009). According to Freuds personality development theory, at birth infants were equipped with biological instincts that demanded satisfaction, which was driven by self-presentation and procreation (Slee, 2002). Freud argued that there are three different levels of personality in human development: id, ego and superego (Lefrancois, 1999). The oral stage (0-1  ½ years). In Freuds theory, during the first year of life the psychic energy of the infant is focused on the mouth. Events surrounding the reduction of physic tension and attaining pleasure relate primarily to acts of feeding, such as sucking on a nipple or bottle. (Slee, 2002, p. 161) Freud argued that infant becomes focused on the person providing gratification and reducing the level of psychic tension. According to Freud, attachment is developing between the child and the person. He argued that the amount of gratification is very important in progressing to the next stage. To little or too much of gratification, would end in fixation at the oral stage. To paraphrase Freud it could as adults derive and undue amount of pleasure from mouth. Under gratification as adults may lead to depression, meanwhile, over gratification can cause adults to become excessively dependent upon others (Slee, 2002). During this stage the infants personality mainly consists if id. The infant is driven by an urge to seek immediate satisfaction of impulses. He or she does not know what is possible or impossible, has no sense of reality and conscience (Lefrancois, 1999). Many developmentalists fault Freud for proposing a theory without hardly any evidence to support it. His theory is difficult to test as it requires studying unconscious motivations and unseen id, ego and superego (Sigelman, 1999). On the other hand, his theories helped to alert parents and those working with children about the importance of the first years of life and rich emotional life. It helped Erikson and Bowlby to build on Freuds idea about the significance of the infancy for further development (Slee, 2002) According to Kegan, it is used in clinics and hospital by mental health practitioners (Lefrancois, 1999). Psychosocial approach. Erikson was inspired by Freuds psychoanalytical theories. But there are major differences between Freud and Erikson. Erikson concentrated on the importance of social environment; meanwhile, Freud emphasized the importance of sexuality and psychodynamic conflicts. Opposite to Freud, Erikson was concerned with the healthy personality (Lefrancois, 1999). According to Erikson there are 8 human development stages (Lefrancois, 1999). Erikson like Freud believed that every stage had crucial issue, which had to be dealt with before moving to the next stage (Slee, 2002). Basic trust versus (0-1  ½ years). According to Erikson, during this stage the main issue is the development of a sense of trust. The development of a sense of trust depends on the quality of care rather than quantity the infant receives (Slee, 2002). The infant is initially faced with a conflict between mistrust of a world about which little is known and an inclination to develop a trusting attitude toward that world hence mistrust. (Lefrancois, 1999, p. 35) At this point a primary caregiver usually mother, is the most important person. The relationship between caregiver and the infant determines the resolution of the conflict between trust and mistrust and realization that the world is predictable, safe and loving. There is a risk of the infant growing up mistrustful and anxious, if the crucial issue of the stage is not resolved (Lefrancois, 1999). Many people found Eriksons theory more acceptable than Freuds, as it emphasize the interaction of biological and social influences. At the same time, despite providing a useful description of human personality development, it still does not explain how this development comes about (Sigelman, 1999). Attachment An attachment is an emotional bond in which a persons sense of security is bound up in the relationship. (Bee, Boyd, 2009, p. 150) The infant forms a special relationship with caregivers and experiences pleasure and security in their presence, but anxiety and distress when they are gone (Bremner, Fogel, 2007). John Bowlby has developed the most influential theory of parent/child and other relationship attachment. His attachment theory was based on ethological and psychoanalytical theories and modern cognitive psychology (Sigelman, 1999). Bowlby argued that attachment to one or more caregivers is genetically programmed in everyone. According to Bowlby infants behave in a way to ensure the proximity of the caregiver. In order caregivers to respond, infants cry, cling, smile or babble. As a result of this behaviour, attachment gradually develops. This kind of behaviour is directed to a particular person, preferably to a mother, than strangers. Attachment starts to be organized some time during second six months (Slee, 2002). Bowlby divided infants development of attachment in 4 phases (Boyd, Bee, 2009): Nonfocused orienting and signalling phase (birth to 3 months). In order to draw the attention and signal their needs infants cry, smile and make eye contacts (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Focus on one or more figures phase (3to 6 months). Infants concentrate come here signals to people with whom they spend most of the time. Meanwhile, response to unfamiliar people becomes less common (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Secure base behaviour phase (6 to 24 months). The infants start to seek proximity by following and clinging to caregivers, especially when they are anxious, hungry or injured. This behaviour is directed to a primary caregiver and only others, if the primary caregiver is not available or not responding (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Internal model phase (24 months and beyond). Infants learn how an anticipated action might affect the bonds they share with caregivers (Boyd, Bee, 2009). To sum up, according to Bowlby attachment is a part of our evolutionary heritage. With the help of interaction of biological and environmental forces attachment develops during infancy. Later development and quality of relationship is determined by the first attachment relationship between the infant and the caregiver (Sigelman, 1999). Some theorists argue, including Piaget, that the infants relationships with peers are at least as significant as the parent/infant relationship. They argue that those relationships contribute differently to development (Sigelman, 1999). Social work with infants When we talk about social work with infants, the family of the baby is a part of it. Social workers safeguard children and prevent them from suffering. It is crucial for a social worker to know the child development theories in order to undertake assessments, which includes seeing, observing, engaging, talking and doing various activities with the child (OLoughlin, 2008). Social worker may come in contact with the infant and his family if the infant was damaged before birth (for example foetal alcohol syndrome), parents experience mental illness or misuse of alcohol or drugs. Due to issues that parents face, the infant may be harmed as the needs of the child is not met, for example not dressed properly, nappies are not changed, malnutrition, staying in a not safe environment. Due to these circumstances infants cognitive development might be delayed. Depressed mothers can interact with the child less or express anger, which may lead to insecurely attached children (OLoughlin, 2008). Some parents may be too immature or preoccupied by personal problems to give their child enough affection and care. In that case the infant is not able to develop a sense of trust and later, growing autonomy (Herbert, Harper-Dorton, 2002). When working with the infant and family it is not only important to assess the infant, it is also crucial to assess parenting capacity. Parents should be able access and provide for the childs physical needs. Family is responsible for childs safety. The infant should receive secure, stable and affectionate relationships with caregivers. They should promote childs learning and intellectual development through interaction, communication, talking and responding to the child. Parents are responsible for the infants ability to regulate his or her emotions and behaviour (OLoughlin, 2008). Conclusion An understanding of infant development patterns and concepts is necessary for parents and caregivers, as well as all professionals who may come in contact with the child. By knowing them parents can create nurturing, caring and safe environment. It is useful for social workers as well, as they can assess infant and ensure that all their needs are met. Knowing the importance of cognitive development allows caregivers to support it by encouraging exploration, thinking and leaning. By talking to children more often and reading them regularly, caregivers can improve their language skills. Failure to acquire language skills can be indicator that there might be development difficulties or lack of language stimulation. Attachment development is crucial during infancy as well, especially with the primary caregiver, usually mother. It provides healthy emotional and social development and determines later development and quality of relationship. Even though psychoanalytical theory of personal development by Freud is highly criticized, as there is no evidence to test it, it had a major impact on theories about childrens socio-emotional development.

How Bilbo in the hobbit influences the story Essay

In the book, â€Å"The Hobbit†, by J.R.R. Tolkien, there are many ways the author shows how the character, Bilbo, influences the story. Bilbo is very clever and intelligent. He always saves the dwarves from trouble. His risk-taking personality helped him become one of the most important characters in the story.Bilbo’s intelligence shows in Chapter 5 when he wins the battle between him and Gollum. Bilbo’s intelligence helped him win the battle and it also helped him guide the dwarves throughout the journey without Gandalf. Without Bilbo’s intelligence, he would not be sure of what to do and how to solve his problems. You can see this when Gollum says, â€Å"Curse the Baggins! It’s gone! What has it got in its pocketses? Oh we guess, my precious. He’s found it, yes he must have.† And then he later says, â€Å"When he came this way last, when we twisted that nasty young squeaker.† These quotes show that Bilbo obtained the ring because of his intelligence and cleverness. Gollum is upset because he lost his precious ring. This is just one way how Bilbo influences the story. In Chapter 9, Bilbo’s cleverness is shown. Bilbo, yet again, saves the dwarves from trouble. In a short amount of time, Bilbo came up with a plan to rescue his friends from the woodelves. Without his cleverness, he wouldn’t have saved his friends and the story would be different because they wouldn’t have gone to Lake Town. You can see this when the author says, â€Å"When he heard this Bilbo was all in a flutter, for he saw that luck was with him and he had a chance at once to try his desperate plan.† And then later says, â€Å"They had escaped the dungeons, and were through the wood. † These quotes show how Bilbo was desperate to try out his plan and at the end, it turned out to be really successful. Bilbo could not have thought of this plan without his cleverness, if it weren’t for that, he would’ve never saved the dwarves. Lastly, In Chapter 12, Bilbo’s risk-taking personality shines. Bilbo sneaks into Smaug’s lair with his invisible ring on. Hobbits are not the type that would go on a adventure, and they’re definitely not the type that would do such dangerous and harmful events. But in this chapter, Bilbo shows he isn’t that type of hobbit. You can see this when the author says, â€Å"Wisps of vapour floated up and past him and he began to sweat.† And then he later says, â€Å"His heart was beating and a more fevered shaking was in his legs then when he was going down, but still clutched the cup and his chief thought was: I’ve done it! This will show them.† These quotes show that, even though Bilbo was terrified of what was going on, he had to ignore the feeling of being terrified and had the courage to take the cup. Bilbo’s character influenced the story in a lot of different ways. If he hadn’t gone to the adventure with the dwarves and If it weren’t for what he has accomplished, like getting the cup, the story would have had a different ending.

What You Should Do to Find Out About List of Topics for Essay Writing Before Youre Left Behind

What You Should Do to Find Out About List of Topics for Essay Writing Before You're Left Behind Employing time management during a normal day can help lower stress and simplifies life. A term paper carries a great deal of weight in it when it regards your final year success. There are a lot of things to consider and most importantly, is the dependability of the service you decide to use. Irrespective of your morning schedule, here are a few of the best approaches to begin your day and prepare for success. An early work program and organization is likely to make your writing process much simpler. Samples are the tools that produce the whole writing process simpler. If you get essays online, it's really important to understand whether the work is still in process or has been finished. You only need to pass a very simple procedure of authorization, click buy research papers, fill an effortless purchase form and that's it! The Bad Secret of List of Topics for Essay Writing Col lege courses can be checked by going to the colleges and universities for more details. School routine can be difficult sometimes especially during exams. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Teachers are accountable for planning and evaluating student performance. Determine who you're producing for. The procedure for ordering our services has been made simple by the usage of simple actions that are simple to follow along with. Scheduling is extremely important if it comes to managing using time. What to Expect From List of Topics for Essay Writing? There are numerous advertising strategies, planning which builds your product in the industry. The success of any company lies in its effective marketing and advertising capability. With today's extremely competitive marketing, it is vital that a company produces a good advertising campaign to construct visitors. Advertising is the center of commerce so if you'd like to sell your goods, you will need to earn the consumer interested. What Everybody Dislikes About List of Topics for Essay Writing and Why Meanwhile, there's the sound of the horn. It can be simple to lessen the significance of sleep, but it's absolutely important for optimum performance. It's rather the very same thing that's happening to the English language. Your objective is to affirm and visualize the situations you need to take place. There's no question the proven actuality that having the capability to study overseas is incredibly excellent for a whole lot of students. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting a great grade. To begin with, you've got to verify out the history of the available Spanish schools in the area or town that you're most likely to reside in. Close your informative speech papers by a succinct conclusion that ought to carry an overview of what has been covered within your speech. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. Informative speech papers can be written on many different topics and thus the very first is step is selecting the most appropriate topic for your paper. You may also choose to include interesting info in the finish of your paper, one that is going to leave an enduring impression on your audience. The thesis statement usually appears close to the start of a paper. Don't forget that a well-written thesis statement ought to be brief but informative. A great thesis statement is one which stays within a specific scope. List of Topics for Essay Writing: the Ultimate Convenience! Essay writing is something which all of us do daily without so much as noticing how important it is actually. Folks often ask what my writing schedule appears like. Turning into a writer for our firm is quite challenging. Stick to the measures outlined above, utilize the 10 suggestions to make it pop, and you will have a Writing an argumentative or Step-by-step guide. The very first step to boost essay quality is to locate the acceptable topic for the essay. The very first step to developing an intriguing research paper is choosing a very good topic. It is to come up with a terrific topic. Setting a deadline and trying my very best to keep it up. Using List of Topics for Essay Writing As a term paper carries plenty of weight in regards to calculating your final grade, you've got to get it right. How much you could earn while your paper work is being done by somebody, who knows the way to do it correctly! You are aware that the money that comes in has to exceed the money which goes out. In order to decrease the quantity of thinking you have to do in the early hours, remember to prepare things.

Dr. Ethos, The Chief Resident Of A Hospital - 1591 Words

Dr. Ethos, the chief resident of a hospital is faced with a dilemma. He needs to figure out what to do in the following scenario. A mean, cranky old man walks into the hospital. The old man is complaining about a painful toothache and through his relentless complaining, he is seen by Dr. Ethos. In the middle of the old man’s examination, the doctor is immediately paged to different room. In that room, there are ten young men and woman, between the ages of 15 and 35; they desperately need different organs to be able to survive. These ten patients specifically come to see Dr. Ethos because he is the best organ transplant surgeon in the planet and the immediately need transplants, or the will die. Dr. Ethos is aware that the old man is a perfect match to be the organ donor for the ten patients. Using the old man’s organs could save them. Likewise, given the crowded state of the hospital, the fact that he was already about operate on the old man, as well as the good Doctorà ¢â‚¬â„¢s status as the prime transplant surgeon, Dr. Ethos knows that the procedure could go off without a problem. However, the cranky old man would have to die, or rather be killed, in order to successfully treat all the patients. The question is, what would Dr. Ethos do, if he were Utilitarian (Act vs. Rule)? What would Dr. Ethos do, if he were a Deontologist (Kantian)? Utilitarianism John S. Mill describes Utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophical theory of morality.Show MoreRelatedSpatial Distribution of the Primary Health Care Facilities in Enugu State, Nigeria13204 Words   |  53 Pagesproviding grass root health care services whereas in some quarters such services have been marred by inefficiency (Adeyemo, 2005). This is evidenced in the number of ailing hospitals across the country. Besides, the problem of inadequate manpower, obsolete equipment and unavailable drugs, most of the government owned hospitals are not optimally located which implies that community based accessibility to these medical facilities has been compromised. By implication, the distribution of primary healthRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Business Ethics8391 Words   |  34 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND BUSINESS ETHICS Final Project Report for Legal Aspects of Management Submitted To Prof. Dr. D.S. Sengar Professor, IIM Lucknow Submitted By Group 9 Abhinav Bansal, PGP31186 Chheda Adarsh Jayesh, PGP31199 Manideep Akarapu, PGP31213 Ritika Srivastava, PGP31226 Surbhi Aggarwal, PGP31239 â€Æ' Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Acknowledgement 4 Business Ethics 5 Corporate Social Responsibilty 7 CSR Law 7 Crisis Management CSR 10 Read MoreNotes18856 Words   |  76 Pagestreated the sick and taught people how to stay healthy. They taught European  ­anguages l to Africans, who in turn assisted missionaries in translating the Bible into African  ­anguages to help disseminate Christian doctrines. Individuals like l Dr. David Livingstone were able to combine missionary activities with extensive scientific research and geographic investigations. To this day, Africa remains a favorite destination for missionaries. The third reason was based on imperialism, the desireRead MoreSwami Vivekananda14669 Words   |  59 Pagesà ¤ µÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ µÃ  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¦) (whose pre-monastic name was Narendranath Dutta Bangla: à ¦ ¨Ã  ¦ °Ã  §â€¡Ã  ¦ ¨Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦ °Ã  ¦ ¨Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¥ à ¦ ¦Ã  ¦ ¤Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¤, Hindi: à ¤ ¨Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¦Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¥ à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¤) (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902) is considered one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the Hindu religion. He was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and was the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. He is considered by many as an icon for his fearless courage, his positive exhortations to the youth, his broad outlook to social problems, and countlessRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesironically recalled Palumbo’s father, a former Minister in the Conservative government of the day. Yet within just 10 years, Palumbo built the Ministry of Sound into a music and media empire worth nearly  £150m. Two years later, Palumbo had quit as chief executive and the Ministry of Sound was looking for a new strategic direction. The Ministry of Sound’s start had been difï ¬ cult. Dance music had its origins in ‘acid house’, itself with its roots in the futuristic, electronic music of the gay clubsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageschapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understan dingRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesProfessor of Managerial Accounting and Infor- mation Assurance, and the Director of the Ph.D. Program at the Robert H. Smith School of Business. He is also an Affiliate Professor in the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies. Dr Gordon earned his Ph.D. in Managerial Economics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 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The Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh - 955 Words

Vincent van Gogh Post-Impressionists left behind the Impressionist doctrine of truth to nature. Rather, they chose â€Å"in favor of restless feeling and intense color, as in this highly charged picture, van Gogh made his work a touchstone for all subsequent Expressionist painting† (WikiArt, 2016). Vincent Van Gogh’s, The Starry Night, is Post-Impressionism oil painting on canvas. He created it in 1889, during the time he was committed to the mental asylum in Saint-Rà ©my, France. The Starry Night, Vincent expresses a turbulent sky with bright intensity of moon and stars. In the foreground, one sees an overproportioned cypress tree. It is dark and lingers to the left. The background shows a small, quiet village and a church in the outskirts; perhaps reflecting the society around him going on about their everyday lives. The canvas evokes strong emotions with its use of movement within the painting. The sky is a mixture of blue and yellow hues. The calming of the blue defies the energy of yellow. White and black are emphasizing the rolling movement within the sky. Calming blues reflect the quietness of the village and church in the background. The dark cypress tree to the left reminds me of darkness with a moody solemnest. Cypress trees at the time were associated with graveyards. This may be expressing what overwhelming concern of death, and the struggles he faced. The contextual properties reflect Vincent’s struggle with depression. During 1889, at the asylum, heShow MoreRelatedThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh1633 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper attempts to present a discussion of Vincent van Gogh’s painting the Starry Night, in terms of his art style that lead people to interpret a different way of reality and the impact of that style subsequently on modern day artistic culture. 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There is much debate over the legacy of Van Gogh, and his â€Å"Turbulent Mindstate† however we can examine much of theRead MoreStarry Night By Vincent Van Gogh1433 Words   |  6 Pages A Cypress Tree in the Midst of the Stars Vincent Van Gogh, the Dutch artist who painted Starry Night, was disrespected and unappreciated for his works during his life. However, today he is considered one of the greatest Dutch painters. Today, his work is known for its detail, beauty, and emotion. One might claim that Vincent Van Gogh’s painting Starry Night depicts his supposed insanity. However, his painting Starry Night depicts his feelings of isolation, his feelings of alienationRead MoreThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Starry Night Vincent van Gogh painted The Starry Night (p. 389) in 1889. For this piece of artwork van Gogh used oil paint on a 29 X 36 1/4 canvas. 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When people hear the name â€Å" Vincent Van Gogh,† most automatically think of the crazed artist that cut off his own ear andRead MoreThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh1372 Words   |  6 PagesVincent van Gogh was an incredible painter who was a part of the post-impressionism movement of art. Many believe his artwork and style shaped 20th-century art and many artists incorporated his painting style. Van Gogh is often regarded as on of the fathers of post-expressionism. Sadly, critics only appreciated his work after his death, by a self-inflicted gunshot, in 1880. Before starting my research into van Gogh. I knew as much as the ordinary person would about him. His artwork is so renownedRead MoreThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh1582 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding the Arts Thesis Question 11-07-14 Vincent van Gogh One of my favorite pieces of art growing up was The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh. Van Gogh was a man of his times, but what was his life like? Van Gogh had a religious upbringing and was originally going to be a minister as his occupation. But my main focus and what I want to know, is what were the influences on his life and how did they affect his painting? Between all of these things van Gogh had many influences. The religious influenceRead MoreThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh917 Words   |  4 PagesWhen someone says starry night one might think of a night view with a lot of stars, which is exactly what the title suggests. But Vincent van Gogh was thinking of something different than just a night sky with stars, he painted something totally out of this world. This work of art is truly amazing and has a magical feel to it. If someone were to tell me when I was 10 years old that â€Å"The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh is an amazing work of art† my response would be â€Å"what is so special about a paintingRead MoreStarry Night By Vincent Van Gogh990 Words   |  4 PagesStarry Night is notoriously famous and is probably Vincent Van Gogh’s most well-known piece of art, but that is all for a reason. Van Gogh very unique curving lines throughout the work and they create a flow to the painting that is very somber and fascinating. The line quality of the work seems whimsical in ways yet intentional, the lines are not pressed in very hard on the painting, you can tell because there are color differences within the lines meaning Van Gogh made casual strokes to create theRead MoreThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh2042 Words   |  9 PagesThe Starry Night, 1889 is a painting by Vincent Van Gogh while he was in an Asylum at Saint Remy de Provence. It portrays the view of the sunrise and the small village from the east facing window in Van Gogh’s room. The Starry Night is one of Van Gogh’s finest works, displayed in the Museum of Modern Art, New York since 1941. Van Gogh during his stay at the Asylum, is where he began producing some of his well-known paintings of his career, and The Starry Night is one of them. He was permitted with

The Financial Detective Free Essays

PAPER: We believe that Company I represents the Smaller Producer of printing papers and Company J represents the World’s Largest Market of Paper. Being the world’s largest paper maker indicates having a larger inventory, more current assets (esp. since it owns timberland and several facilities), and higher cost of goods sold than other paper makers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Financial Detective or any similar topic only for you Order Now The inventory for Company J (10. 9) is larger than the inventory for Company I (8. 8); the current assets for Company J (32. 6) are higher than that for Company I (27. 2); and the cost of goods sold for Company J (82. 9) is higher than that for Company I (75. ). We also expect that, as the world’s largest paper maker, their products will move on the marketplace better than a smaller producer of paper. Thus, Inventory Turnover should also be higher. Here, Company J (7. 11) has a larger inventory turnover than Company I (6. 75). Receivables turnover, which tells how many times accounts receivables have been collected in a given period, should be higher for the world’s largest paper company than it would be for a small producer of specialty paper. Company J’s (11. 64) receivables turnover is higher than that for Company I (8. 68). The facts also state that the world’s largest maker of paper has been rationalizing capacity by closing inefficient mills, implementing cost-containment initiatives, and selling nonessential assets. This implies that the company would have a larger asset turnover ratio than other paper companies. Company J (1. 20) has a larger asset turnover ratio than Company I (. 73). It is probable that since the small producer of paper has most of its product marketed under branded labels, that it would have a higher value of Intangibles, such as trademarks, than the larger company. Here, Company I (14. 6) has an intangibles value that is significantly higher than Company J’s (1. 9) intangible value. Based on the above analysis, we believe that Company I is the small producer of printing, writing and technical specialty papers, and that Company J is the world’s largest maker of paper, paperboard, and packaging. RETAIL: From the financial ratios and the notes attached, it is apparent that Company N is the rapidly growing chain of upscale discount stores while Company M is the firm known for its low prices, breadth of merchandise and volume riented strategy. ASSETS Receivables: Company M has lower receivables of 1. 4 compared to company N with 17. 0 and this reason is to the fact that company N offers credit to qualified customer as a means of marketing strategy. Inventories: Company M has higher inventories of 24. 5 compared to company N with 16. 7 and this reason it attributed to the strategy company M adopts. Company M has a wide breadth of mercha ndise and volume oriented strategy amount to this high inventories on the balance sheet. Intangibles: There is a 93. 3% difference compared to company N with low intangibles. This reason is due to the operational strategy company M adopts. Company M possesses either or all of these following; Goodwill, Partnership rights or Patent rights. Analyzing the information provided accurately, one or more of the of the aforementioned rights exit because for company M to sell some products at very low prices, there must be an existing kind of memorandum of understanding between the producers and company M. LIABILITIES EQUITY Deferred Taxes: Company M has deferred Taxes of 3. with company N having O. From the information of company M provided, it is possible that the deferred tax is an evidence of capital gains that might have risen from the proceeds of divestments of several non-discount department-store businesses. Debt in Current Liabilities: Company M is 75. 4% high than company N’ s Debt Current Liabilities. This can be as a result of the lease contract entered by company M. Depending on the lease agreement; Company M might have an overdue payment for the lease for a period within a year. INCOME STATEMENT Depreciation: It is understandable why company N has a high depreciation than company M and this is due to the reason that M is a lease copy therefore no depreciation is paid for leasing except a rental payment. There is an exception when the lease is a finance lease. Net Income: Company N strategies pay off because shareholders of any company want to maximize their investment or returns. Company N is making almost double of company M’s net profit, and also considering the fact that company N is making 85% of company M sales. MARKET DATA Beta: Companies in the same industries usually have different betas, one of the reasons this can happen is the kind of financing or debt equity ratio. The higher the debt equity ratio the higher the beta: this shows why company N has a higher beta compared to company M that has a lower debt equity ratio. Dividend Payout: Company M has a higher payout ratio of 31. 12%. Reason why company N might have a low payout ratio can be attributed to investment in future projects with positive NPV due to the rapidly growing chain of upscale discount stores. ASSET MANAGEMENT Receivables Turnover: This shows the degree of realization in accounts receivables. Company N has a lower turnover rate, a lower rate implies that receivables are being held longer and the less likely they are to be collected. Also there is an opportunity cost of tying up funds in receivables for a long period of time. Company M is 29 times higher than company N. From the above analysis, it is obvious that financial ratios of companies in same industries can never be the same but can only be similar. The kind of strategy and technology a company adopts tells a lot about differences in financial ratios. COMPUTERS: We believe that Company E is the company focused exclusively on mail-order sales and Company F is the company that sells a highly differentiable line of products. In this industry one company focuses exclusively on mail-order sales of built-to-order PCs, including desktops, laptops, and notebooks. Besides the company allows its customers to design, price and purchase through its web site. In contrast the other company has a retail strategy intended to drive traffic through its stores. With regards to the SGA expense, as well as depreciation, we can assume that the company resulting with the highest values is of course the one having more stores compared to the one conducting most of its transactions on an online basis. In this case the high value of 23. 1 in selling, general and administrative expense and the high value of 1. 8 in depreciation belonging to company F fit the description of the company with more retail stores. Another important financial data confirming this finding is the intangible data. From the Exhibit 1, the company E has a value of 0 in intangibles which is not surprising due to its business orientation. Company E is an assembler of PC components manufactured by its suppliers, therefore not having any claim of ownership of intangibles. On the other hand, the intangible value of 1. 2 of company F is due to the fact that company F has a variety of proprietary software products. In addition, the price to book ratio is lower for Company F (5. 3) than for Company E (17. 46). This is in line with our analysis because the facts state that the retail store has a declining market share, so the lower price to book ration would match the description for a company with a lower market share. Based on our analysis above, we believe that company E is the company focusing exclusively on mail-order sales of built-to-order PCs, and company F is the company having an aggressive retail strategy intended to drive traffic through its stores. NEWSPAPERS: We believe that company P is the diversified media company that generates most of its revenues through newspapers sold around the country and around the world and that Company O is the firm that owns a number of newspapers in relatively small communities throughout the Midwest and southwest. We believe this because Company P has a larger amount of current assets (other and total) and net fixed assets than CompanyO. Company P operates in not just the United States but it also operates in countries all around the world, which it means it will have a lot of assets than Company O. FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS ASSETS RECEIVABLES:Company P is higher than Company O and this can be attributed to the fact that company P has an international presence. This will result to a huge customer base compared to Company O. higher customer base would yield more credit sales. result to its revenues all over the world in the sense that it will have a lot of customers and there can be delays in monetary transactions. Since its business has international presence it can adopt a business strategy of offering a high volume of credit sales to customers. INVENTORIES: The two companies are at par have the same ratios. This means that there is an equal amount of goods and services available in the stock of both companies. INTANGIBLES: Company O has a higher intangibles value than company P because although company O is a smaller company it has acquired a Customer good will, employee morale, increased bureaucracy, and aesthetic appeal than company P which is a more diversified media company. DEBT MANAGEMENT TOTAL DEBT/TOTAL ASSET:Company P has a higher ratio compared to O. Most of company’s total debt are short term financed and this is to say that in the next period, the company can have a lower total debt to total asset ratio compared to company O. Based on this current standing it shows that 26. 81% of company’s P asset is financed by debt. INCOME/EXPENSES NETINCOME: Company O is almost likely to succeed more than company P in its operations because of its decentralized decision making and administration. Looking closely at the net income figure of both companies, company O net income is higher than company P net income. EBIT AND NET PROFIT MARGIN: Company O has a higher EBIT because the company is more profitable than company P. Company P has a lower net profit margin value than company O which indicates a low margin of safety, higher risk, and that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss. Company O is better in this aspect because of the adopted business of decentralized decision making and administration, which led to better success in its operations. MARKET DATA DIVIDEND PAYOUT: Company O has a higher ratio than company P which means it has a higher percentage of earnings paid to its shareholders in dividends. The shareholders of company O are benefiting better from the company than the shareholders of company P are. The reason for this could be that company P may be trying to invest in a project that is preventing it from paying shareholders adequate dividends BETA: Company P has a higher value which means a higher expected return of a stock or portfolio which is correlated to the return of the financial market as a whole than company O. PRICE/EARNING RATIO: Company O has a higher ratio than P. Over the years smaller firms have performed better in terms of returns. Shareholders of company O are willing to pay more for the shares today in anticipation of great prospects of returns in the future. ASSET MANAGEMENT RECEIVABLES TURNOVER: Company O has a higher turnover value because it has a higher number of number of times that account receivables are collected during in a period than company P. LIQUIDITY CURRENT RATIO AND QUICK RATIO: Company O has a better and higher value of the two ratios than company P so it means that company O has more current assets and cash equivalents to cover its liabilitie when due than company P. Based on our analysis above, we believe that company P is the diversified media company that generates most of its revenues through newspapers sold around the country and around the world and that Company O is the firm that owns a number of newspapers in relatively small communities throughout the Midwest and Southwest How to cite The Financial Detective, Papers

Hamlets Madness Essay Example For Students

Hamlets Madness Essay The issue of madness is one of major importance in this play. IsHamlet truly mad, meaning insane? Or is he merely angry? Does he feignmadness and use it as a guise? Or does he place himself so dangerously closeto the line between sanity and insanity that he crosses it without evenrealizing it? Or is he so intelligent, cunning and in control that this is merelythe playing out of his completely conceived and well-executed plan of attack?The patient is a thirty year-old male. He is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark,an introspective, grieving young member of the royalty, plagued by the recentdeath of his father, and the hasty marriage of his mother to his uncle,Claudius. He is capable of depressing anyone around him; the King andQueen attempt to pry Hamlet from his mourning. As relations become morestrained between Hamlet and Claudius, his attitude becomes destitute. Hebegins to withdraw himself from everyone in the castle, and spends most ofhis time in solitude; he is often seen walking alone, talking to himself. Upon deeper investigation, it is discovered that Hamlet is seeing theghost of the ex-King of Denmark, Hamlets father. The ghost becomesHamlets counselor, guiding him through his everyday maze of depressionand confusion. It is through the ghost of his father that he learns thatClaudius, the new King of Denmark, is solely responsible for his fathersfoul and most unnatural murder (I.v.26). He claims that he is told to seekrevenge on his fathers murder by murdering Claudius. Hamlet sees the ghostat various times over the course of the play, appearing when he is in need ofHamlets condition persists, gradually getting worse, as he becomesincreasingly more aggressive and violent. His behavior towards Ophelia, thewoman he loves, becomes erratic. He has violent outbursts towards hismother. He kills various members of the castle without explanation. Hamletis clearly out of control, and is in need of a psychological evaluation. The most major of mental illnesses is schizophrenia, a psychoticillness, where the patient is out of touch with reality. In this disease, thoughtsmay be deranged or delusions without basis may arise. The individual tendsto withdraw from their already little social contact. They becomeunresponsive and lose interest in normal activities. Emotionally, they can beirritable, angry, aggressive, and even violent at times. At other times, theycan have an obsession with death, or voices can be heard or visions seen. The reasons for this change often appear unexplainable to relatives andfriends. Some try to explain this new behavior as due to stresses, past orpresent, especially from interpersonal difficulties and mishaps. It is generallya devastating illness, troublesome to the patient and painful to the relativesand sometimes offensive to society. (Chong, 1)William Shakespeares literary opus Hamlet is an adventure story ofthe highest quality, a tale of the psychological trials of a man who i s isolatedfrom the society he must live in, and a portrait of a family driven to bloodyand gruesome murder by one mans lust for power (King, 1). In his essayHamlet: A Riddle in Greatness, Louis Kronenberger states that even onthe surface, Hamlet remains among the greatest of unsolved psychologicalmysteries, and the one that has been provided with the most solutions (1). The theme of madness in Hamlet has been one of great discussion; there ismuch conflicting evidence that can be found when trying to prove the validityof the claim to Hamlets true madness. The patient, Hamlet, prince of Denmark, has been diagnosed withschizophrenia due to his erratic, sometimes irrational behavior. Ever sincethe death of his father, King Hamlet, young Hamlet has been what appearedto be in a state of madness. This case study on Hamlets condition will citemany instances in William Shakespeares Hamlet in which the patient hasacted in a schizophrenic, meaning mad, manner. Hamlets madness is theresult of his fragile, overanalytical personality being confronted with a greatHamlets madness is apparent even before he sees the ghost of hisfather. At the start of the play, Hamlet is shown to be in the throes ofbereavement (Though This is Madness, Yet There is Method in It., OnlineArchive, 1). The queen encourages him to look to the future, and to cease hisgrieving, for she believes it is false. Hamlet responds angrily to hersuggestion: But I have within which passeth show; these but the trappingsand the suits of woe. Hamlets strained relationship with Claudius i s nowevident; as he comments on his mothers marriage, It is not nor it cannotcome to good (I.ii.158), he already senses that it embodies much misfortune. This line sets a portentous prediction for the course of the play, as Hamletstruggles between emotion and sobriety in order to enact revenge on hisHamlets encounter with the ghost of his father considerably changeshis disposition, and his actions become more bizarre. He has the uniqueability to communicate to his father by talking to a ghost; his friends mustswear themselves to secrecy because of the threat that others may dismisshim as mad. Nevertheless, Hamlets actions after meeting the ghost dolead everyone except Horatio to believe he is crazy, but never acts upon hisfeelings and loses control. From the beginning, Hamlet feels much pressureto speak out against the king, but lacks the strength to do so. This innerconflict is shown in his soliloquy in act two, when he states, O, what a rogueand peasant slave am I! (II.ii.534). He confesses that he is a coward, and istorn between speaking out and actually taking action against Claudius. Thesenew pressures cause much inner torment in Hamlet, and hint at the fact thatFurther evidence of Hamlets madness can be found in Hamletsencounter with his mother in act three, scene four. Hamlet has gone to see hismother in an attempt to force her to purge herself of her sin, her hastymarriage to Claudius. As he attempts to make his mother see her wrongs, hescreams at her: Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed,stewed in corruption, honeying and making love (III.iv.92-95). This attackon his mother clearly shows that he has gone beyond merely playing the roleof a moralist, for he has crossed the line between sanity and insanity with hisAfter this attack on his mother, Hamlet furthers his irrational behaviorby killing Polonius, who was standing behind the curtain in his mothersroom. As Polonius slumps out from behind the curtain, the queen exclaimsO me, what h ast thou done?. Hamlet replies, Nay, I know not. Is it theking? After the slaying, Hamlet appears to justify the killing in his ownmind by stating that Polonius death is almost as bad, good mother, as kill aking and marry with his brother (III.iv.30-31). Hamlets excuse for themurder is irrational, for he left Claudius a scene before, and did not take anyaffirmative action then. He continues to verbally attack his mother, and doesnot cease until his next meeting with the ghost. Hamlet is indeed actingmadly, and without justification. As he continues the attack on his mother, the ghost appears in anightgown. Hamlet appears to come back to his senses, his mood changes,and begs for guidance: Save me, and hover oer me with your wings, youheavenly guards! What would your gracious figure? The queen, obliviousto Hamlets hallucinations, cries out: Alas, hes mad! (III.iv.107-109). Thequeen is now convinced of Hamlets psychosis, as she has what appears to besolid evidence that Hamlet is halluc inating and talking to himself. Creation Of Israel EssayThe theme of madness in Shakespeares Hamlet has been a widelypopular topic in the discussion of the play by both critics and readers alike. Itis quite simple to see the reason why, since the play confronts us withevidence to prove the validity of the claim to Hamlets true madness, or,rather a view that the actions and words arising from the apparent madness isbut a feigned antic disposition as proclaimed by Hamlet himself. (Soon, 1) The psychological case study of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, presents thetheory that Hamlet did have a break with reality, and should be diagnosedwith schizophrenia, a devastating disease that affects a mere 1 percent of theworlds population. The preponderance of evidence that has been displayedclearly points to the conclusion that Hamlet was indeed mad; the diseasesonset is in the young adult years, it is disabling, resulting in a period ofproductive time lost, and it has social effects on the patient, as well as hisfamily. In Ham lets case, all criteria have been met, and therefore can beBloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York:Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Macmillan and Co.,Charney, Maurice. Style in Hamlet. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityChong, Wong Yip, Dr. General Introduction to Mental Illness. 9 March 1999. *http://home2.pacific.net.sg/arh/article_mental_illness.html*. Cordell, West. A Critical Analysis of Hamlets Madness. 9 March 1999. *http://www.tecinfo.com.jocelyn/hamlet/west.html*. Desmet, Christy. I lovd You Ever: Love and Madness in Hamlet. *http://virtual.park.uga.edu/eng3k/assignments/theory/paper2.htm*. Goldman, Larry S., MD. Psychosis and Psychotic Disorders. 9 March 1999. *http://www.psy.bsd.uchicago.edu/larry/psych301/psych301.htm*. Hamlet Navigator: Hamlet: His Madness. 9 March 1999. *http://www.clicknotes.com/Hamnavl/Madness.html*. Holland, Henry Scott. Shakespeare: Some Essays and Lectures. New York:King, Amy. A Study Guide For Hamlet: Prince of Denmark. Class handout. Kirschbaum, Leo. Character and Characterization in Shakespeare. Detroit:Wayne State University Press, 1962. Kronenberger, Louis. Hamlet: A Riddle in Greatness. Boston: HoughtonLewis, Charlton M. The Genesis of Hamlet. New York: Kennikat Press Inc.,Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. New York: Bantam Books, 1988. Soon, Adi. Hamlet Essay. 9 March 1999. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/6440/eng-lit/hamlet5.txt*. Though This is Madness, Yet There is Method in It. Online Archive. 9*http://homepages.enterprise.net/steph/soa.madness.html*. Was Hamlet Mad: Arguments For and Against. 9 March 1999. *http://www.hamlet.edmonton.ab.ca/washemad.htm*. Bibliography: